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This issue is a limitation in tDCS findings that continues to hamper its optimization and translational value. These data underscore the importance of sampling in studies applying tDCS homogeneity (e.g., of gender, special population, and WM capacity) may produce more consistent data in a single experiment with limited power, whereas heterogeneity is important in determining the mechanism(s) and potential for tDCS-linked protocols. DMN activity in the anterior cingulate cortex significantly correlated with WM training slope. There were no significant correlations between initial response to tDCS and resting-state activity. The behavioral data showed that only the active tDCS group significantly improved over the visual WM training period. Healthy young adults completed 5 days of visual WM training during sham or anodal right frontal tDCS. The objective of the current project was to test whether differences in resting-state connectivity between stimulation site and two WM-relevant networks could account for initial and longitudinal responses to tDCS. In contrast, protocols including multiple sessions of tDCS more consistently report WM improvement across participants.
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Some participants benefit, whereas others are impaired by the same tDCS protocol. In particular, designs involving one session of tDCS are prone to variable outcomes with notable effects of individual differences. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory (WM) performance are promising but variable and contested. 2Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, United States.1Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Program in Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States.This book addresses the importance of recent findings from animal models and their significance on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in relation to human disease.
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This book aids researchers in selecting their appropriate model and highlights the experiments that can be strategically designed to optimize the potential of an animal to develop the cardinal features of osteoporosis in humans. Osteoporosis Research - Animal Models, is an essential tool for researchers in the bone field. The use of animal models provides important knowledge about pathological conditions that can eventually lead to the development of more effective clinical treatment of diseases in both humans and animals. This has resulted in significant advances in determining the causes of osteoporosis, assessing risk factors, and creating new treatment methods.
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Research in the field of osteoporosis has grown in recent years. Osteoporosis Research - Animal Models, presents in a very illustrative and practical manner, general methodologies of bone studies in animals, as well as the particular features of the most commonly used animal models in the field.